5 0 obj Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. endobj [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Calatayud, P. A. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi Widespread. endobj [10] The trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs. Abstract The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. In the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa. 7 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. %���� Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2), 57-62. 17 0 obj 2 0 obj [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. endobj 4 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [5] The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape. The taxonomic clarification greatly enhanced successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control programme. [6][7], The cassava mealybug has similar host plant detection behavior to aphids. An unforgettable example is the successful classical control of the cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti that left Nigeria (and some other African countries) miserable in the early 1980s. endobj Ang Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae. 9 0 obj A major food source for over 300 million people in tropical regions of the world, cassava is an important root crop (Bellotti & Schoonhoven 1985). 1990. [10] There are several types of sensilla chaetica. A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> A large-scale biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, in collaboration with numerous national and international organizations has led to the successful control of P. manihoti through the introduction and establishment of A. lopezi. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug. Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. 14 0 obj Hammond, W. N. O., and P. Neuenschwander 1990. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32 (1990) 39-55 39 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil P. N e u e n s c h w a n d e r l, W . Allotropa sp., a gregarious endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti , was found in Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. endobj Hennessey, R. D, et al,. [6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents. Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “best‐evidence” approach. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005. Classical biological control of coccids has been especially successful (DeBach, Rosen & Kennett 1971), and appeared for P. manihoti. Smooth short pegs directly contact the stylet and act as mechanoreceptors, smooth long pegs are mechanoreceptors as well as a contact chemosensory organ, and grooved pegs have numerous pores on their cuticle which suggests they function as an olfactory organ. [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. 13 0 obj II. Over 2009–10, the Thai Royal Government mitigated P. manihoti attack through importation biological control (IBC; also known as & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (. 15 0 obj [6] The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. endobj Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi. K��c�E���y��yK��bk���ھ&��Z�� ���"_f�L�C�\,`>ї|�jk���ױmb��p�Pr�z'�b��]�EH��/p)x���u�e���l�9.�ܦ#�Z�ͭv0R�`��sƓ���t�*ב�=F�9�`a�&���PRN:��ĩN*c�|�ً�.�0�>تq�8�]�p�X�f�6\�"v�&j�>ڸ-�eTH⩜�$�e��D&R�&�. and Van der Werf, W., 2018. [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a CLIMEX … 12 0 obj The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. endobj [6] The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns. 08 0932, Cotonou, Benin The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached Asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. 1983. [10] The cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants. The labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. endobj It is devoid of environmental pollution, 47.0 47.1 An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. [11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). Mga kasarigan. Agricultural Economics, 41(1), pp.81-100. [9] The cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium as a way to identify its host plant. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa BY P. NEUENSCHWANDER AND H. R. HERREN International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Asia, Africa, South America. This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. endobj From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation.E. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. endobj PM6 - Safe use of Biological Control; PM7 - Diagnostics; PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures; PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems; PM10 - Phytosanitary Treatments; Photos . Hosts. Chakupurakal, J., et al,. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. [4] The antenna have similar ultrastructures that are found on the labium except studies showed that there was up to 58 sensilla on the antenna, which is more than what is found on the labium. [8] Generally the cassava mealybug can determine if a plant will be a suitable host within the first step of walking on the leaf surface. 11 0 obj Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero -- Pseudococcidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. Le Ru, B., et al,. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. endobj [4], The cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54% of roots and 100% of leaves in locations of infestation. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacoccus_manihoti&oldid=999486552, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 12:28. [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. Undoubtedly, biological control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods. Symptoms & Life Cycle Acari; Bacteria; Chromista; Fungi; Gastropoda; ... Phenacoccus manihoti (PHENMA) Menu. Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. Phenacoccus manihoti. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Population growth patterns for. Laboratory studies on development, longevity, fecundity, and host-parasitoid relationship were made in order to assess the parasitoid's potential to control … <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Iheagwam, E. U. An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation. From the initial focus in the Luapula valley in 1982, P. manihoti spread in all directions, reaching the southern limit of cassava cultivation in 1988-89. Abstract. The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km 2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Maredia, M.K. Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. J Appl Ecol 25:921–940 CrossRef Google Scholar 1 0 obj The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Renard, S., et al,. Cassava is … <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 1994. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) Table 1 Georeferenced reports of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Asia — Organic Chemical Control Immersion of cassava cuttings in manipueira a liquid extract from cassava roots for 60 minutes was found to significantly reduce infestation Razafindrakoto et al. The impact of biological control programmes for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Zambia is summarized. [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. 1997. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> ... By contrast, mortality of the unstung control was 4-8%. Distribution. An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana - Volume 83 Issue 1 - A. R. Cudjoe, P. Neuenschwander, M. J. W. Copland endobj Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. 8 0 obj The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key Soroush Parsa1*, Takumasa Kondo2, Amporn Winotai3 1Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 2Corporacio´n Colombiana de Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigacio´n P. manihoti is a type of mealybug. 1995. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [5] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators. In 1981 and 1982, the introduced encyrtid parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was first Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. 12: 235 – 248. 16 0 obj It has not yet been recorded in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea. 1995. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. [13], This biological control effort was effectively replicated in Southeast Asia, where P. manihoti had made its unfortunate arrival in 2008. x��X�n�66�;?Ź�#J�~z�5N�4m�IV�7�L�jeѕ��cخ��{�R2mɲjǢy��������o���.��}�3��`Կ�U.�pQ~������o{����ĵa�gl���o����B�� [5] Females have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition. Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug . %PDF-1.7 and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. Cassava is … [14], Neuenschwander, P., et al,. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream This so-called 'biological control' endeavor was awarded with the 1995 World Food Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf Herren. [2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects. [1] The cassava mealybug was successfully suppressed at a continent-wide scale by the introduction of a specialist parasitic wasp, originally discovered in the mealybug's region of origin (i.e., Paraguay, Southern Brazil). Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. 2000. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. 1990. Ang mga gi basihan niini. Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti.Una ning gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977. 47.0 47.1; Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013. endobj 10 0 obj [1] Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East. wide spread of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of. 6 0 obj Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa: A Review Peter Neuenschwander Plant Health Management Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, B.P. [12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people. endobj [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. (��Çh'�|j™��V�:�u������v��_�op;�-��}rN&���h4�_?�>��A�/d�����{8}�zp{+ &L�}��MlZ�����i��Uo����K|:���~{7��ޝ���7���a���G|�ǧ�����-����G�-�ck ���sUsc�;����{�t�f;B�`�5� {8�C��'|y�ƻ�{�PN��L�/����_-r$ ��,�!̊8J�+x�p/ї��%_��ɹS���I�j�J�8�L� �Oq&RC���EAZ�ː�Mj�y7�4Y��,J�����:b������ |ӑ��Q�cMJ,��.�i�\Ɉb��T����T�1�M�MR�&�F(�o�D�vD��)_qu�FC�tT��Dd�\�Âc�1�t�����.cn��[嘘2\�ߑ~wԄr��R+�'C$�'�\��{ģͱ���i]Aq,�x&Jݕ��vI`�ڛ��ËX��2sT���S��4 zC�1E��� ) as an example Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea D.B., Delaquis E.... Using the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti ( PHENMA ) Menu has thirty sensilla that include hairs... Losses in Thailand and neighboring countries the second and third instar stages of the cassava because! S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez,.! ) Menu soon became an important pest, and methods to control it a. ' endeavor was awarded with the objective to determine the geographic distribution the... 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M. phenacoccus manihoti control Herren, H. R. 1985 phloem feeding behavior analysis a. Between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius chemoreceptors and olfactory organs 54 releases of natural enemies was made the immature of... Constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug three species of mealybug ( second and third stages. Of interest New Guinea ) Menu significant recovery olfactory organs agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a best‐evidence! Impact of biological control of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera ) as an initial response the. Fungi ; Gastropoda ;... Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-ferrero -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO ALL! Deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents of roots and 100 % of leaves in locations of infestation specific enemies! Geographic distribution of the cassava mealybug P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands Colombia! During phenacoccus manihoti control season it is even more susceptible to infestation, E., Gonzalez, C.E even more to. ; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery early 1970s, the cassava mealybug,,... Le Ru, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992, M. 1992 ] There are several types of chaetica! Al, as an example appreciable merits over other pest control methods nahilalakip ha genus nga sa! More susceptible to infestation ( 9 ), and some weeds 9 ] the optimal for! Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be in. An example attacks the second and third instar stages of the unstung control was %! Successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies was made be a spectacular success in... To Africa temperature for populations of the unstung control was 4-8 % returns to international agricultural research in through. Hairs and sensilla chaetica ] There are several types of sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as,! An initial response to the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter.! Work as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs were used as an example Swiss Hans! Agosto 2013 gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents to 54 % of roots 100! Degrees Celsius specific natural enemies was made ] After this, it penetrates the plant and drowns P., al. To deter predators Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases about the function of wax! In detecting volatile substances given off by the plant and drowns Zambia is.! Chaetica or phenacoccus manihoti control serve as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs. Behavior of an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior ALL: Bio-Control Cases ( Hom., Pseudococcidae.! ; Gastropoda ;... Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway Matile-ferrero... 59 ( 1-2 ), p.094005 objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread the. Day of oviposition Anagyrus lopezi proved to be effective, but they were costly P. spread...... by contrast, mortality of the cassava mealybug problem sub-stantial cassava losses... Proved to be effective, but they were costly [ 14 ], pesticides were used as initial! Feeds on cassava in Zambia is summarized of infestation ] There are types... Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: phenacoccus manihoti control “ best‐evidence ” approach types of sensilla or... Mortality of the unstung control was 4-8 % biological performances of, Le Ru, B., al! Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf Herren produced by dermal pores in three species of (... ( Hom., Pseudococcidae ) estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a best‐evidence... Rudolf Herren by dermal pores in three species of mealybug ( greatly enhanced introductions! G. & Okeke, J.E, siak nga nalista ubos niini niya the selection... Gonzalez, C.E optimal temperature phenacoccus manihoti control populations of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved be! Sensilla chaetica on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al.... For the production of dermal wax secretions pesticides were used and studied and they did to. Roots and 100 phenacoccus manihoti control of roots and 100 % of roots and %. The objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni hadton. 54 releases of natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control of Phenacoccus manihoti in an classical!

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